St. Augustine Confessions about Friendship

Table of Contents Friendship is for God Friendship towards God Augustine’s View Conclusion Works Cited St. Augustine is one of the most influential philosophers and teachers from ancient times. Much of what is known about him comes from his writings. The world will never be the same because of him and his masterpiece known all over this planet as The Confessions of St. Augustine. He was an ordained priest and later on became a Bishop of North Africa.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on St. Augustine: Confessions about Friendship – Term Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He may appear at fist glance as a deeply religious person who shuns the secular world and who pursued the spirit life using methods preferred by monks, but surprisingly St. Augustine believes in friendship. In his Confessions one will see that he considers friendship as an important part of the Christian life. St. Augustine did not only believes in the power, beauty, and significance of friendship in this earthly existence, he also sees friendship from a deeply spiritual and philosophical level. He believes that friendships formed in this world have an ultimate purpose and it is to prepare people for what is to come – a perfect relationship with God. First there is friendship with God and then there is friendship with man. According to one historian Augustine’s basic framework to understand friendship comes from a heavenly perspective. Augustine believes that the only true source of friendship is God and he adds that it is only through this God-man relationship that people can understand the ideal meaning of friendship (Hyatte, 1994, p.46). In addition, Augustine confesses that humans are not only supposed to tap this higher source for guidance when it comes to earthly relationship, this friendship, if done correctly will lead them to God (Hyatte, 1994, p.46). This is evident in his writi ngs most especially in the Confessions. Friendship is for God It has to be pointed out that Augustine is not merely giving lip service to religion and his spiritual beliefs in the same way that some people are prone to do. He is not only making a suggestion when he defined friendship from a spiritual standpoint. The context of his writings must be understood as not coming from the pen of a sociologist or a politician who merely attempted to say or write nice things that in turn will be warmly accepted by the general public. Augustine wrote from a deep conviction. This is a man of God who desires not to be misinterpreted when it comes to his teachings. There is a high level of orthodoxy in his teachings that says God is the center and the most important part of life. This understanding covers every aspect of his life including friendship. In Book IV of the Confessions Augustine makes an emphatic statement when it comes to judging who is a true friend or not.Advertising Looking f or term paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Referring to a person whom he grew up with, and spent considerable time with as a school-fellow and as play-fellow, Augustine is blunt in his assessment of their relationship and he wrote: â€Å"But he was not yet my friend as afterwards, nor even then, as true friendship is; for true it cannot be, unless in such as Thou cementest together, cleaving unto thee, by that love which is shed abroad in our hearts by the Holy Ghost, which is given unto us† (Augustine, Book IV). This mindset colors everything that he sees. Augustine did not casually mention the role that God played in friendship he meant something deeper and through the help of a commentary one can see a partial revelation of his worldview, that for Augustine: â€Å"there can be no consensus between men on earthly matters unless first they agree perfectly on divine or spiritual ones †¦ onl y those with orthodox religious beliefs can be true friends, and they agree on human matters because their taste and opinions are formed by those beliefs† (Hyatte, 1994 p.63). This is crucial component to Augustine’s understanding of what true friendship is. Once this particular belief system has been identified then it is now possible to take a closer look at friendship viewed from this perspective. Augustine vacillates between two extremes when it comes to describing friendship. On one hand he said that he as no friends except those who share in his beliefs. On the other hand he confesses that he used to have friends but they made him understand the weakness of the flesh. Augustine laments that in human friendship that is not anchored in God one can only expect frustrations and sorrows. Sorrow is inevitable in a relationship composed of frail human beings. Sorrow is also expected in a relationship governed with lust. Sorrow is the result of creating a relationship for the purpose of filling up the emptiness inside the soul of man. But there is nothing on this earth that can fill up that void. However, friends are unaware of this and so they keep on working on their relationship until it is no more or until one is hurt beyond repair. Sorrow comes when a friend is led by another friend into the path of destruction thinking wrongly that there lies the road to happiness. Augustine implies that it is normal for friends to make that mistake because in normal circumstances they are driven by their sinful nature. Frustration comes from the realization that there are high expectations that could not be met. This is especially true when it comes to a special friendship between man and woman, a type of relationship that Augustine is not ignorant about. Before he was converted or before he gave his life wholly for the service of God, Augustine knows what it means to fall in love.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on St. Augustine: Con fessions about Friendship – Term Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He has a son to one woman and then married another for the simple reason of satisfying the flesh and at the same time the purported benefits of a man-woman relationship. But at the end he said that there is nothing in this type of relationship that lasts and truly satisfies the soul. Augustine said that the friend is not only a friend – ready to serve, love, and protect – he is also a friend in need. There is that expectation to receive the love given. It is expected that there is reciprocity in that love. Augustine said that there are times when it is impossible to pay back what was given and the hope of love paid back in full can be sometimes suffocating. But there is more. Augustine said that this type of friendship that is not anchored in the Almighty is a friendship that will end in sadness especially when the other person dies and those who are left behind are left with a void that they cannot understand. Friendship towards God When he took on a new understanding of life, when he became a Christian, Augustine began to deplore the friendship that he had with the world and the people who are of the world. But this does not mean that he did not appreciate his friendship with them. In Book IV the reader is introduced to a friend whom Augustine truly loves because when he was near death Augustine was affected greatly and there were no words that could describe his feeling. Augustine is deeply religious but he is not a hermit. He is comparable to a pastor who longs to be with people and not like a holy man who prefers isolation and prefers to stay away from the crowd. When he became a Christian he all the more appreciated the power, beauty and significance of friendship especially the one he shared with like-minded people. But before going any further it is important to point out that Augustine owes his conversion to his friendship with others. It is through this friendship that he was able to see the error of his ways. It was his friend Alypius who led him to the path of righteousness and for that Augustine was so thankful. He wrote extensively about his friendship with Alypius and his impact on his life. He would continue to seek for this type of friends those who would make him a better Christian.Advertising Looking for term paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Augustine’s method of acquiring friends and sustaining their relationship came first as the result of his ardent passion to know wisdom and truth. Thus, even at a young age he chose to associate with those who can lead him to a higher level of learning. When he became a Christian he still had the same passion but this time around his search for truth is made more complex by another desire, which is the knowledge of Christ. It is no wonder then that Augustine’s friendship has a distinctive characteristic in it and it can be best described as having the quality of evident in a teacher-disciple relationship. Thus, Augustine will take a student under his wings and he would teach this younger fellow and in the process of teaching he becomes a friend to this person. But Augustine is not always the teacher; there was a time when friendship was developed when he entered into a mentor-mentee relationship with Ambrose the Bishop of Milan. Obviously the relationship started from the standpoint of a teacher dispensing wisdom and truth to a hungry student but overtime they developed a special friendship that Augustine treasured for the rest of his life and he wrote: That man of God received me as a father, and showed me an Episcopal kindness of my coming. Thenceforth I began to love him at first indeed not as a teacher of the truth (which I utterly despaired of thy Church), but as a person kind towards myself (Augustine, Book V). It is important to note that Augustine was attracted to Ambrose not because of his eloquence and erudite thoughts but because of his kindness towards him. This is a revelation as to how Augustine perceived human behavior and how he is affected by it. This is significant because the first impression that one will have on Augustine is a scholar who loves nothing more than to read and study. This initial assessment of his character creates a wrong assumption that this man is willing to sacrifice the nuances of human relationships in ord er to immediately dive into knowledge and wisdom – to feast on ideas and conjectures without regard to human relationships. But this statement is proof that Augustine does not only have a powerful mind that has overpowered all his senses but it also shows that he is a sensitive man. He brought himself near to Ambrose not only because Ambrose can teach him great things but first of all because Ambrose demonstrated that he can be a friend to Augustine. He is also fond of Nebridius the friend who allowed him to experience life in a deeper way. This is the friend who allowed him to imbibe wisdom, and understand the depths of God. He was forever thankful for meeting Nebridius, Alypius, and Ambrose. His friendship with them allows us to see the context of his declaration that true friendship is from and must be used to propel each one into the knowledge and intimate relationship with the Almighty. Augustine’s View At first Augustine felt despair because his friends are dear to him but they lead him to the paths of destruction. It is difficult for him to reconcile what he is feeling and what he knows. It has become clear after reading the Confessions that Augustine is a sensitive man who may have the mind of a philosopher but he also posses the heart of an ordinary fellow who is mindful of his need for companionship. It tore his heart and his soul thinking about his desire to be with them especially to his lady friend. But he had to choose the path less traveled. It was clear that he suffered in his decision to pursue a life dedicated to spiritual pursuits but at the end he was rewarded because he believed that God gave him true friends. It has to be reiterated that in the latter stages of his life especially after his conversion to Christianity and his clear understanding of the truth Augustine appreciated friendship in the context of a student and teacher relationship. For Augustine this type of relationship is not the same as the way modern people co me to perceive a teacher-student dynamic. In ancient times students and teachers can live in the same house and they are not limited by the four walls of the classrooms. In other words they can experience a deep level of connectedness that is not possible in today’s world. It is through these relationships that Augustine was able to prove that he can become a better Christian if he has these types of friends as opposed to engaging in a spiritual journey without companions. It can even be said that without his friends, especially when it comes to Alpius, Nebridius, and Ambrose he could not have written his masterpiece. This is because he was able to distill the lessons of life through his interaction with his friends. This is perhaps the reason why Augustine influenced the Christian church in such a profound way – he gave people access to lofty truths by way of earthly examples of human relationships. This may also explain why Augustine is popular to students especially the adolescents because of the way he can connect with them as he exposed his inner-struggles as a young man and therefore can easily establish a connection with today’s teenagers and college students (Henninger, 1989, p.32). This is the legacy of Augustine. Conclusion The secret of Augustine’s success and the reason why he is so popular even in the 21st century is that he did not discuss theology using words that are difficult to grasp. He did not use concepts that require a genius to appreciate. He used his experience and understanding of friendship as a vehicle for communicating deep spiritual truths and this is the reason why it resonates in the hearts of his readers. His idea that God is the source of true friendship and that God allows friendship to occur in preparation for an eternal relationship with him is profound but easily accessible by young and old. Augustine’s assertion that true friendship must lead people to God has become a standard of living. He was able to articulate these things because he too suffered and rejoiced greatly in his quest to find truth via the interaction with his friends. Works Cited Augustine of Hippo. The Confessions of St. Augustine. Trans. Edward Bouverie Pusey. Henninger, M. â€Å"The Adolescent’s Making of Meaing: The Pedagogy of Augustine’s Confessions.† Journal of Moral Education. 18(1989): 32-44. Hyatte, Reginald. The Arts of Friendship: The Idealization of Friendship in Medieval and  Early Renaissance Literature. MA: E.J. Brill, 1994. This term paper on St. Augustine: Confessions about Friendship was written and submitted by user Aurora N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

World War II Bomber Command Dambuster Raids

World War II Bomber Command Dambuster Raids During the early days of World War II, the Royal Air Forces Bomber Command sought to strike at German dams in the Ruhr. Such an attack would damage water and electrical production, as well as inundate large areas of the region. Conflict Date Operation Chastise took place on May 17, 1943, and was part of World War II. Aircraft Commanders Wing Commander Guy Gibson19 aircraft Operation Chastise Overview Assessing the feasibility of the mission, it was found that multiple strikes with a high degree of accuracy would be necessary. As these would have to take place against heavy enemy resistance, Bomber Command dismissed the raids as unpractical. Pondering the mission, Barnes Wallis, an aircraft designer at Vickers, devised a different approach to breaching the dams. While first proposing the use of a 10-ton bomb, Wallis was forced to move on as no aircraft capable carrying such a payload existed. Theorizing that a small charge could break the dams if detonated below the water, he was initially thwarted by the presence of German anti-torpedo nets in the reservoirs. Pushing on with the concept, he began developing a unique, cylindrical bomb designed to skip along the surface of the water before sinking and exploding at the dams base. To accomplish this, the bomb, designated Upkeep, was spun backwards at 500 rpm before being dropped from low altitude. Striking the dam, the bombs spin would let it roll down the face before exploding underwater. Wallis idea was put forward to Bomber Command and after several conferences was accepted on February 26, 1943. While Wallis team worked to perfect the Upkeep bomb design, Bomber Command assigned the mission to 5 Group. For the mission, a new unit, 617 Squadron, was formed with Wing Commander Guy Gibson in command. Based at RAF Scampton, just northwest of Lincoln, Gibsons men were given uniquely modified Avro Lancaster Mk.III bombers. Dubbed the B Mark III Special (Type 464 Provisioning), 617s Lancasters had much of the armor and defensive armament removed to reduce weight. In addition, the bomb bay doors were taken off to allow the fitting of special crutches to hold and spin the Upkeep bomb. As the mission planning progressed, it was decided to strike the MÃ ¶hne, Eder, and Sorpe Dams. While Gibson relentlessly trained his crews in low-altitude, night flying, efforts were made to find solutions to two key technical problems. These were ensuring that the Upkeep bomb was released at a precise altitude and distance from the dam. For the first issue, two lights were mounted under each aircraft such that their beams would converge on the surface of the water then the bomber was at the correct altitude. To judge range, special aiming devices which utilized towers on each dam were built for 617s aircraft. With these problems solved, Gibsons men began test runs over reservoirs around England. Following their final testing, the Upkeep bombs were delivered on May 13, with the goal of Gibsons men conducting the mission four days later. Flying the Dambuster Mission Taking off in three groups after dark on May 17, Gibsons crews flew at around 100 feet to evade German radar. On the outbound flight, Gibsons Formation 1, consisting of nine Lancasters, lost an aircraft en route to the MÃ ¶hne when it was downed by high tension wires. Formation 2 lost all but one of its bombers as it flew towards Sorpe. The last group, Formation 3, served as a reserve force and diverted three aircraft to Sorpe to make up for losses. Arriving at MÃ ¶hne, Gibson led the attack in and successfully released his bomb. He was followed by Flight Lieutenant John Hopgood whose bomber was caught in the blast from its bomb and crashed. To support his pilots, Gibson circled back to draw German flak while the others attacked. Following a successful run by Flight Lieutenant Harold Martin, Squadron Leader Henry Young was able to breach the dam. With the MÃ ¶hne Dam broken, Gibson led the flight to Eder where his three remaining aircraft negotiated tricky terrain to score hits on the dam. The dam was finally opened by Pilot Officer Leslie Knight. While Formation 1 was achieving success, Formation 2 and its reinforcements continued to struggle. Unlike MÃ ¶hne and Eder, the Sorpe Dam was earthen rather than masonry. Due to increasing fog and as the dam was undefended, Flight Lieutenant Joseph McCarthy from Formation 2 was able to make ten runs before releasing his bomb. Scoring a hit, the bomb only damaged the crest of the dam. Two aircraft from Formation 3 attacked as well, but were unable to inflict substancial damage. The remaining two reserve aircraft were directed to secondary targets at Ennepe and Lister. While Ennepe was unsuccessfully attacked (this aircraft may have struck Bever Dam by mistake), Lister escaped unharmed as Pilot Officer Warner Ottley was downed en route. Two additional aircraft were lost during the return flight. Aftermath Operation Chastise cost 617 Squadron eight aircraft as well as 53 killed and 3 captured. The successful attacks on the MÃ ¶hne and Eder dams released 330 million tons of water into the western Ruhr, reducing water production by 75% and flooding large amounts of farmland. In addition, over 1,600 were killed though many of these were forced laborers from occupied countries and Soviet prisoners of war. While British planners were pleased with the results, they were not long lasting. By late June, German engineers had fully restored water production and hydroelectric power. Though the military benefit was fleeting, the success of the raids provided a boost to British morale and aided Prime Minister Winston Churchill in negotiations with the United States and Soviet Union. For his role in the mission, Gibson was awarded the Victoria Cross while the men of 617 Squadron received a combined five Distinguished Service Orders, ten Distinguished Flying Crosses and four bars, twelve Distinguished Flying Medals, and two Conspicuous Gallantry Medals. Selected Sources Dambusters.orgThe DambustersBBC: Barnes Wallis

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JR Observations and Sentiments Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

JR Observations and Sentiments - Article Example This blends well with the cultivation of sensitivity to oneself and others. Cultivation of sensitivity is very important in the sense that one is not only aware of their feeling but those of others as well (McEwen & Wills, 2011). This ensures that caregiver can build a help trust relationship which is vital in the provision of nursing care. This kind of feeling ensures that there is the existence of existential and phonological forces that help in the nursing process. Giving, the patients an environment that is both supportive, containing both cultural and spiritual aspects that will help the patient feel comfortable and appreciated. According to Jean Watson nursing’s main concern is the promotion of health, as well as prevention of illness, caring for the sick and restoring health. This makes the tenet of her theory and promotion of interpersonal relationship (McEwen & Wills, 2011). Another reason I agree with the sentiments of JR is the fact that holistic was vastly discussed in the unit and I relate to it since it is one of the best developments in the field of nursing. Holistic nursing provides the patient, not just the basic task-oriented nursing care but also very patient-oriented care (Fawcett, 2004). This ensures a combination of specialized knowledge and skills in patient care. Holistic nursing brings the fact nursing care is a team-based effort. This I particularly agree with since the patient feels well attended and cared for. In the holistic approach, the nurse takes up different roles which included being a teacher imparting knowledge to the patient in reference to their needs (Fawcett, 2004). The nurse provides particular information that will help in understanding particular needs. The nurse also acts as a counselor in the holistic approach. Providing and encouraging the patients to make changes if need be.

Marx Misses the Point Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marx Misses the Point - Essay Example Precisely so: that is just what we intend" (Marx 337). For the purposes of this paper, Marx misses the point on three levels. His reduction of complex economic relationships into two broad categories is an oversimplification that is as inaccurate as his proposed solution is feckless. His assertion that free trade is tantamount to exploitation is misguided and has no basis in fact. Finally, the presentation of communism as the panacea for all the ills of industrial society is nave; in fact, once Marx's scheme is brought from ideology into practice the result is that communism and the state simply become a replacement of one type of repression for another. Communism, when applied to the lives of real people, ironically becomes his decried bourgeoisie in a different cloak. Through oversimplification, inaccuracy, and flawed methodology, Marx misses the point; individual freedom. Marx frames his initial assertion for the two class distinctions in terms of time. He avers that "[o]ur epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature; it has simplified the class antagonisms" (322). Had he had the ability to project forward in time, beyond his epoch, he would see the colossal failures within the practical application of his ideas. That sort of time projection being impossible for him, however, let's examine his initial, basic assertion: "Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat" (Marx 322). Anytime broad generalizations are used to describe complex situations, inaccuracy is the result; particularly with subjects as convoluted as economy and politics. For Marx, there is a ruling class of people and institutions who have capital and power. This group, in his mind, is exercising exploitation and control over the masses . On the other side of his equation, lie the disenfranchised workers who are the grist for the industrial mill. For Marx, these two are diametrically opposed to each other and are hostile. The problem with his approach, like any person who thinks in terms of black vs. white, is that it is too simplistic. There are shades of grey within the groups that his dual class approach does not accommodate. An organized, funded, and complete "bourgeoisies" does not exist; nor does a suppressed, victimized, and grouped "proletariat." There certainly are capitalized entities that take advantage of laborers. That fact notwithstanding, there are also many industrial operations that function in partnership with labor to harmoniously provide goods and services to society while maintaining a happy and healthy workforce. These are symbiotic relationships where no hostility exists. It is within the context of individual freedom that these beneficial relationships exist. Marx, however, takes issue with that freedom, turning it into something evil. In practical application, the term bourgeoisie simply becomes a label applied to a person or company that displeases the labeler. Exploitation Marx's propensity for negative labeling does not stop with grouped classes, but also extends to the commercial activity of society. He sees

Demand And Supply In The Cigarette Industry Economics Essay

Demand And Supply In The Cigarette Industry Economics Essay The following essay helps us know what demand and supply concept and that we are explaining with the example of cigarette industry. And we have also mentioned the factors affecting the demand and supply for cigarettes in the market. The essay also includes the income effect, impact of close substitutes and compliments, and also the price and income elasticity of the product of the industry. A cigarette is a product consumed through smoking and manufactured out of cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often combined with other additives,[1] then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder (generally equal to 100  mm in length and 10  mm in diameter). Rates of cigarette vary widely. While rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed nations, they continue to rise in developing nations. Fixing the price of a product is a very important factor for an organisation and the product success. Organizations look at the effective demand (demand) and effective supply (supply) of a product to set the best price to generate the maximum revenue for the organisation. If the price of the product increases or decrease then it can affect the demand of the product. As the price of a good rises less will be demanded, and if the price falls more will be demanded (Philp Galt, 2009, Lecture Notes, p: 2). The increase or decrease in price can happen due to the either external or internal or both environments of the organisation. Demand of a product or service can be defined as the amount of a particular economic good or service that a consumer or group of consumers will want to purchase at a given price over a specific period of time. The demand is usually downward sloping, since consumers will want to buy more as the price decreases. Demand for a good or service is determined by different factors other than price, such as the price of substitute goods and complementary goods. In extreme cases, demand may be completely unrelated to price, or nearly infinite at a given price (in the case of the tobacco industry) (Beardshaw, 1991). According to Philp, Dan and Galt (2009) it could be deduced that demand relative to the tobacco industry is caused by a number of aspects in which the key driver is the price of the cigarettes. As a result, for a cigarette (t) the quantity demanded (QtD) represents a function of its price (pt), individual customer (n) income levels (Y1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Yn), other forms of substitutes like electronic cigarettes and herbal cigarettes (r1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦rt-1) and other external factors (E) such as labour, raw material. Then, demand within the tobacco industry can be represented as QtD = f (pt, Y1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Yn, r1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦rt-1, E) Being consistent with this, influential demand in economics (tobacco industry) would be hard to figure the quantity demanded due to the number of determinants required to make-up the cigarette packets price and quantity, therefore, it is assumed that all factors are held constant and the market (quantity demanded) is analysed as a function of packet price. So the quantity demanded QtD = f (pt, Y1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Yn, r1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦rt-1, E) Graphically illustrated will be Following the above figure, managers would be able to depict that the higher the price of the cigarette packets in the industry, the lower the demand for it. Consequently prices will have to move from p0 to p1 in order to increase demand from q0 to q1. Consider two extreme cases. Suppose the price of all cigarettes rises by 1 per cent. The quantity of cigarettes demanded will not affect that much. People who can easily quit smoking have already done so. In contrast, suppose the price of a particular brand of cigarettes rises by 1 per cent, all other brand prices remaining unchanged. We expect a much larger quantity response. Consumers switch from the dearer brand to other brands that also satisfy the nicotine habit. For a particular cigarette brand the demand elasticity is quite high. From the above figure it can be noted that the same $1 tax has a much larger impact on quantity when demand is more elastic than when it is inelastic. Elasticity is the responsiveness of one variable (e.g. demand) to a change in another (e.g. price). This concept is fundamental to understanding how market works. The more elastic variable is, the more responsive the market to changing circumstances (Sloman, 2005). The law of demand states that a fall in the price of a good raises the quantity demanded. The price elasticity of demand measures how much the quantity demanded responds to a change in price. (Mankiw, 1998) Cigarette consumption is totally found to be negatively related to price. As far the result of the test, surveys and the studies done before, there result says that increase in price on cigarettes are not that much affected on the demand of it. Many economists viewed that cigarette smoking is illogical and therefore not suitable for usual economic analysis. They believe that demand for cigarettes does not follow the basic law of economics including the downward-sloping demand curve. Findings on how demand for cigarettes changes as consumers income increases is inconsistent. From a number of studies it found that income has either negative effect or insignificant effect on the demand of cigarettes. As far as the government and other health concern trust are trying to stop smoking in public place and in the private work sites because it is very harmful for other who is non smoker and it is not environmental friendly (Bradford, 2003, Vol 9). Government at all levels are adopting the policies to limit smoking. Government also banned that it the customer should be above a legal age to buy the cigarettes. World health organisation survey of smoking control policies in lot of countries indicated that the mostly all the countries have adopted policies to limit smoking in public places. Although the restrictions are primarily intended to reduce non-smokers, they can also affect the smokers since the restrictions reduce the smokers opportunities to smoke or otherwise raise the cost of smoking (Reuijl Leeflang, 1985, Vol 49). Cigarettes was the one of the most advertised and promoted product in the world. But due to some controversial issues many countries restrict it. While some other countries have few restrictions, others ban advertising and promotion completely. Due to the restriction on the advertising and the promotion the demand of the cigarette industry was affected. A lot of new opportunities of the new organization to enter are hard. And the new customers or consumers are decreased. And due to this there is less increase in the quantity of the young generation. Cigarettes are been long been taxed by the government and due to this there is rise in the price in some countries. Taxes are varying from country to country and the price also. The inelastic demand off the product makes good revenue for the government. But in recent taxation has been applied to cigarettes are in order to health. Cigarette taxes in some countries such as the United States have been imposed by various levels of government, national, state and local level. Governments in nearly every country impose taxes on cigarettes and other tobacco products. One of the major factors that affect the demand for any product is due to the substitutes. The more substitutes, the more elastic the demand will be. For example, if the price of petrol went up by  £0.25, consumers could replace public transport. This means that petrol is an elastic good because a raise in price will cause a large decrease in demand as consumers start travelling by the public transport more from private transport. The rise of the fuel price can affect the automobile industry. This factor is also known as the invisible hand (Adam Smith Cited in Mishan, 1993, p 91) which is affected from the variation of the other product or substitutes which affects the main product demand in the market. For the tobacco industry the invisible hand factor is not that much affected but the competition in the market within the industry is high. If the price of alcohol goes up as a whole, there will be probably a little change in the consumption of beer and other products because there are only few substitutes for alcohol. Most people are not willing to give up their enjoyment at any cost and even the alcohol is used in several medicines also so no matter what the price is the consumption of alcohol will be not affected by the substitutes. Therefore, we would say, that alcohol is an inelastic product because of its lack of substitutes. So we can say that a product is elastic in the industry but the complete industry tends to be inelastic. This is the second factor that effects the demand elasticity and it refers the total amount of a person that can be spend on a particular product or good. Like, if the price of a chocolate goes up from  £1 to  £2 and income of the customer remains the same, the amount that is available to spend on chocolate is for e.g.  £4, is now enough for only 2 rather than 4 chocolates. In other words, the customer is forced to reduce the demand of chocolate. Thus if there is an increase in price and no change in the amount of income available to spend on the product then there will be an elastic reaction in demand. But in cigarette industry it is not that much affected because of the addiction of the consumer. Time is the third factor which influences the demand elasticity. If the price of packet of cigarette goes up  £1, a smoker with a very  few available substitutes will continue buying the daily cigarettes. It means that cigarettes have inelastic demand because the changes in price will not have a great influence on the quantity demanded.   But if the customer or consumer finds that they are not capable or cannot afford to spend the increased amount then they will definitely try to quit it but in a long run. Then for that customer price elasticity of cigarettes becomes elastic in the long run. If quantity demanded is completely unaffected by a price change, then If the absolute value of the elasticity of demand is less than 1 at some point, we say that demand is inelastic at that point (Varian, 2006, P 282). You would say that demand is perfectly inelastic at that price, to reflect the fact that quantity demanded is completely unresponsive to a change in price. On a graph with price on the y-axis, perfectly inelastic demand appears as a vertical demand curve. Its slope is negative infinity, which leads to Ed = 0. Looking at the graph above, we can see that a 5 percent increase in price causes no change in quantity demanded. Therefore, Ed = 0 and demand is perfectly inelastic for the tobacco industry. Hence, manager of a cigarette company within the industry should not worry about the taxation from the government or increase in price due to the external environment due to the inelastic demand for the tobacco industry. (Source by Begg Ward, 2007) The variation in consumer demand for cigarettes with respect to income is ambiguous from a theoretical stand point. Cigarettes consumption could be a normal good for which the level of consumers demand increases with income. Alternatively, it could also be a lower good for which the consumer demand drops with income levels. In either case, the presence of such behavior gives us no guidance whatsoever with respect to the extent to which these decisions are rational. Similarly the other major factor which can be affected by the price of the cigarettes is supply. Supply for a product or a service can be defined as the quantity of a good, seller wishes to sell at each possible price. Supply of a good refers to various quantities of good which a seller is willing and able to sell at different prices in a given market, at a particular point of time, other things remaining the same. An aspect of supply which needs attention is that supply is related to scarcity. It is only the scarce good which has a supply price. On the contrary, goods which are available freely have no supply price, e.g. Air is available freely and hence, does not have a supply price (Begg et al, 2005). According to Philp, Dan and Galt (2009) supply relative to the tobacco industry is reflective of the number of competitors (m) setting the price of providing cigarettes packets as a function of the level of technology (T) determines the price (pt), cost of resources, for example, labour, taxations, substitutes, and quality within the manufacture process (F1, F2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Fm) and other charge (w) i.e. cost of machines and salaries of work force, all add up to become determinants of the number of cigarettes packets to be supplied at each given price. It is represented as QtS = T (pt, F1, F2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Fm, w) Identical to economics in demand, in the analysis of supply all factors are held constant and quantity is seen as a function of price; QtS = T (pt, F1, F2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Fm, w) Graphically illustrated as; From the above figure managers can know that a investing in manufacturing the product needs a certain level of supply to overcome from they break even point, therefore higher the investment in price the more the supply. Hence cigarette manufacturing companies offer different brands for the taste e.g. long cigarettes, strong and light cigarettes. Consequently, the managers will push for a higher supply in p1 to maximize profit. If there is plenty of spare capacity of Cigarettes then a business should be able to increase its output without a rise in costs and therefore supply will be elastic in response to a change in demand. Supply Elasticity is a measure of the degree of responsiveness of quantity supplied to changes in the products own price. Elasticity of supply works similarly. If a change in price results in a big change in the amount supplied, the supply curve appears flatter and is considered elastic. Elasticity in this case would be greater than or equal to one (Lipsey Chrystal, 2004) On the other hand, if a big change in price only results in a minor change in the quantity supplied, the supply curve is steeper and its elasticity would be less than one. As we have seen that demand of cigarette is inelastic we can observe from the graph that supply of cigarette is also inelastic i.e. even a big change in price does not have major change in quantity supplied. It means that when a price increases consumers will not demand for more quantity thats why supply will also remain the same. After knowing that the demand and supply for the tobacco industry is inelastic but the competition within the industry is high. The higher price than the competitors can result less demand for the product, the lower price can increase the demand for the product. It influences managerial decision to look for the new markets where they can reduce their operational and manufacturing cost like cheap labour, as well as look for the new market so that the organisation can generate maximum revenue. This content can be found on the following page: http://www.investorwords.com/1396/demand.html Conclusion This essay completely shows us that how the demand and supply take effects into the market and how principles of demand and supply inform the managerial decision making. From this essay we come to know that the cigarette industry is not that much affected from the higher price that much and its demand in the market is almost remain same. From this essay we come to know that both the supply elasticity and demand elasticity for cigarette industry are inelastic, they are not affected by the price. From the essay we come to know that income effect is significant and positive in case of cigarette industry. Refrences Beardshaw, J, 1991, 2nd Edition, Economics, London, Pitman Publishing. Begg, David, Fisher, Stanley, Dornbusch, Rudiger, 2005, Economics, 8th Edition, Berkshire, McGraw Hill Education. Begg, David, Ward Damian, 2007, Economics for Business, 2nd Edition, Berkshire, McGraw Hill Education. Data Monitors, 2005, UK Cigarettes, Business Source Premier. Lipsey, Chrystal, 2004, 10th Edition, Economics, Ney Work, Oxford University Press. Philp, B., Wheatley, D., Galt, V. (2009). Business Economics, Unpublished Course Notes, Nottingham Trent University, pp. 9-15. Philp, B., Galt, V., 2009, Business Economics, Unpublished Course Notes, Nottingham, Nottingham Trent University p 2. Mankiw, G., N., 1998, Principles of Economics, Orlando, The Dryden Press. Mishan, E., J., 1993, The Costs of Economic Growth, Revised Edition, London, Weidenfeld Nicolson, p 91. Sloman, J., 2005, The Economic Environment Of Business, Harlow Essex, Pearson Education Limited. Varian, H., R. 2006, Intermediate Micro Economics, 7th Edition, Ney York, Norton Company, p 282. Bradford, W.,D., 2003, The American Economic Review, Pregnancy And The Demand For Cigarettes. www.chowrangi.com/e-cigarette-quit-smoking-while-smoking.html Leefhang, P.,S.,H., Reuijl, J.,C., 1985, Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing, Volume 49, Advertising and Industry Sales: An Empirical Study of the West German Cigarette Market.

The United States Visitor and Immigration Status Indicator Technology (

The United States Visitor and Immigration Status Indicator Technology (US-VISIT) Program Introduction The United States Visitor and Immigration Status Indicator Technology (US-VISIT) program was introduced on January 5th, 2004 at all air and sea ports of the United States of America. This program, as outlined by the Department of Homeland Security, aims to increase the level of security in the U.S. while allowing it to remain a multicultural land with people from all parts of the world. Specifically, the US-VISIT programs goals are to:  ·Ã¢â‚¬Å"Enhance the security of United States Citizens, permanent residents and visitors†[1]  ·Ã¢â‚¬Å"Facilitate legitimate travel and trade†[1]  ·Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ensure the integrity of the immigration system†[1]  ·Ã¢â‚¬Å"Safeguard the personal privacy of visitors† [1] US-VISIT utilizes biometric technology[i] to digitally photograph and scan the two index fingers of all non-immigrant visa holders entering and exiting the United States. This means that U.S. citizens, most Canadians, and citizens of the 27 countries[ii] whose people are not required to have a visa, if staying for 90 days or less, are exempt from this program. Using this technology the government hopes to create a database to monitor the travel of foreign citizens, assuring that they do not overstay their visas, and to protect citizens and visitors by refusing entry to known or suspected criminals.[2] The US-VISIT program raises the ethical issue of how much intrusion on the personal privacy of select individuals the world is willing to allow in hopes of combating terrorism and making our daily lives more secure. Collecting and storing information about a person and their movements infringes upon their rights to move freely. It also c... ...s Arab Groups, 2002, 10 February 2004, [11] Fox News, U.S. Begins Foreign Visitor-Tracking Program, 2004, 10 February 2004, [12] Associated Press, Fast Facts: Countries Exempt From US-VISIT, 2004, 10 February 2004, [13] Associated Press, Visitors Reactions Vary on New Tracking Program, 2004, 10 February 2004, [14] Santa Clara University’s Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, 2003?, 10 February 2004, [15] MichNews.com, Sartre, Do Foreigners Have the Right to Enter the United States?, 2004, 10 February 2004,

A Whisper of Aids Rhetorical Analysis Paper

Shayan Momin Momin 1 Mr. Pople AP English III, Period 7 12 October 2012 Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"A Whisper of AIDS† In 1891, Voltairine de Cleyre wrote The Philosophy of Selfishness and Metaphysical Ethics, critiquing the selfish and egoistic mindset of society. This same mindset is critiqued by Mary Fisher in â€Å"A Whisper of AIDS†. She uses rationally emotional rhetoric in order to criticize this â€Å"self-ism† that exists in the world. Fisher begins by speaking of the non-existent impacts of movements that have attempted to raise awareness about AIDS.She utilizes the word â€Å"despite† in consecutive phrases to show that â€Å"despite science and research† and â€Å"good intentions†, nothing significant has occurred because â€Å"the epidemic is [still] winning†. Through her usage of repetition, it is inferable that society has ignored these efforts due to the way of thinking that was scorched by de Cleyre. This ignorance fr om the public reveals how deeply rooted this â€Å"self-ism† is in our society. And to extend her point even further, she says that the â€Å"White House† has attempted to try to raise awareness about AIDS.Her reference to the government further exposes the stubbornness of society to change their selfish way of life. She tries to say that even with the government pushing for this cause, the public still refuses to take action. But even the government isn’t doing much. Fisher mentions the â€Å"campaign slogans† and â€Å"hopeful promises† that were made by the government with a sarcastic tone. This implies that the speaker believes that even our federal government has a mindset of selfishness. But this is only the beginning of her attack on society. Momin 2She goes on to blame society for the magnitude of the virus’s impacts. She says that by ignoring the virus and the people affected by it, society has â€Å"helped [the virus] along† and that we â€Å"have killed each other with our ignorance, our prejudice, and our silence†. Her usage of a list explains in what ways society has committed such a crime. And all of this is due to the existence of a mindset that promotes self-centration, a mindset that calls for the ignorance of all others who coexist with you. The connotation of â€Å"killed† has a double effect.First, its negative connotation creates an image in one’s head of a mob of people destroying one another. It represents how severe the aftermath of the virus has been. The second effect, one that is deeper, and somewhat hidden, is that the word â€Å"killed† implies the killing of open-mindedness and selflessness. It shows how people hurt each other, knock each other down, and even kill each other for their own selfish desires. In this case, society has ignored the AIDS virus because they have the thought that â€Å"If I don’t have it, I shouldn’t care about itâ € .This kind of thinking has lay ruin for the victims of this virus, who have been hurt even more due to the ignorance of society towards such a major problem. Fisher refers to empirics in order to prove the detrimental effects of having a selfish society. She speaks of how her grandfather had heard the Pastor Niemoeller say that when â€Å"[the Nazis] came after the Jews†, he didn’t protest because he wasn’t a Jew. When the Nazis â€Å"came after the Trade Unionists†, the pastor did not protest because he wasn’t a Trade Unionist. But when the Nazis â€Å"came after [the pastor]†, â€Å"there was no one left to protest†.The parallelism used here helps to better define the impacts of a self-minded society, supporting the speaker’s main purpose which is to critique the â€Å"self-ism† that exists today. This quote is significant in another way as well. The way the pastor reacted to the Nazi invasion is the same way peop le are reacting Momin 3 to the AIDS and HIV virus. They are mirror reflections of each other. It shows that people will only learn when they are victimized. When this happened to the pastor, he then realized his mistake. But in this case, if people will only learn through victimization, the result would be catastrophic.Fisher says how â€Å"a million† are infected now; if this is what is to happen, billions will be exposed to the virus. Through this foreshadowing, the author is able to convince the reader that self-centration will lead to our demise. Unless we become aware. Mary Fisher’s critiquing of society’s selfishness and self-mindedness makes the reader aware of the dangers of having such a mindset. Her purpose is to point out that in order to help raise awareness of HIV; we must first rid ourselves of such a malignant way of thinking.

ACT On My Own

Should I Hire A Tutor Or Study For The SAT/ACT On My Own SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Your number two pencils are sharpened; you have functioning erasers at the ready and tissues for when you can’t stop the tears. That’s right. You’re gearing up to study for the SAT/ACT. Except†¦how do you actually go about studying for the SAT/ACT? Do you need a tutor, or can you just do it on your own? We cover this topic pretty thoroughly in our free booklets on comparing methods of test prep for the SAT and ACT, so this article will just give you a brief rundown of when it’s worth it to hire a tutor. feature image credit: Lady Mary Fairfax with her Tutor, 1647 by Lisby, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. In general, if you want to succeed on the SAT or ACT, you must have all of the following five components. 1. Motivation and Accountability Finding the motivation to study for the SAT/ACT can be...problematic. I mean, your score doesn’t directly impact your high school education (unless your school uses it for something), and test prep isn’t as interesting as Youtube. If you aren’t motivated, you won’t make progress in your test prep. A vague reason that you just give lip service to, like â€Å"I know I probably need to study so I can get a good enough score get into the school I want,† won’t do you any good. You need reasons to study that will actually motivate you. Because it’s the strength of the motivation that matters, not the loftiness of the reason, â€Å"I want to beat my older sibling’s score on the SAT† is just as valid a motivator for test prep as â€Å"I want to do well on the SAT so I’m guaranteed a scholarship to a state school.† Accountability may play a role in your motivation, if you find that you are most motivated to succeed if you have people counting on you who you don’t want to disappoint. Maybe you’ll care if a friend or a sibling shames you for not doing work like you said you would (not that I speak from experience), or if your parents are disappointed in you for failing to improve your test scores (as long as this is also something YOU care about). Bottom line: you need to find a source (or multiple sources) of motivation that work(s) for YOU. IF you have problems finding the motivation to study on your own, without anyone holding you accountable for studying, THEN a tutor may be helpful for you. 2. Strong Study Plan Students who succeed on the SAT/ACT go into prep with a structured study plan. When you’re just studying on your own, it can be hard to stay organized in your studying. The first step to forming a high-level study plan is to know where you currently stand and where you want to be on test day. Take a timed practice test under realistic conditions to get a sense of how you are scoring now. Next, what is your target score? We have two articles about this, one for the SAT and one for the ACT, but to summarize: List the schools you want to apply to Search online to find their average SAT/ACT scores Take the average of all the averages to get your target test score. Once you know your current score and your target test score, you will have a better idea of what it's going to take to get there. A structured study plan will be able to answer all of the following questions. When am I taking the SAT/ACT? How long do I have to prepare before test day? How many hours will I study each week? What material do I need to cover? What resources will I use? Should I use books or a complete prep program? When do I take practice tests? How will I know how to adjust my plan according to my progress? I'm going to use a fictional student named Aaron to answer these questions. Aaron recently took a practice SAT and scored a 1000 and has six months to reach his target score of 1250. He and his tutor have assessed his weak areas and discovered that Aaron has serious content weaknesses across all of SAT Math and some smaller issues with the Critical Reading and Writing sections. Aaron's study plan looks something like this: Months 1-3: 1 hour every other week with tutor, 3 hours a week otherwise focusing on weaknesses in SAT Math. Practice tests every three weeks. Months 4-5: 1 hour every other week with tutor, 6-7 hours a week outside of tutoring sessions drilling weaknesses in Math, Critical Reading, and Writing and reviewing missed questions, using books and materials hand-selected by the tutor; practice tests every other week. Month 6: 1 hour every other week with tutor, 9-10 hours a week outside of tutoring sessions working on remaining weaknesses that the tutor has identified by drilling with actual practice questions, practicing reading comprehension by finding interesting articles in the New York Times and analyzing them; practice tests every week, increasing in frequency as the test draws nigh. Because Aaron sticks to his study plan, he bumps his Math score from 400 to 630 and his overall SAT score from 1000 to 1260, meeting his target goal. If he had not had this study plan, even if he had gotten focused help on the Math section a month before the test, it's unlikely that he would have been able to improve as much as he did, both in Math and across the board. So IF you have problems structuring your study time, THEN a tutor may be helpful for you. 3. Excellent StudyResources Being motivated with a plan won’t do you any good if you don’t have good resources for your test prep. It is extremely important to use actual SAT/ACT practice tests when you study, not other test prep company’s materials, since only the questions that will test you in the same way the real test does are...questions from an official test. Luckily, there are a bunch of free practice tests available online for the SAT and the ACT. What if there’s a topic you just don’t understand? Let’s make up an example and say I never really understood probability in class, but somehow managed to fake my way through it. Suddenly, I’m faced with the SAT or ACT, which questions you on probability in really weird ways. To address this, I could try going through back through notes or borrowing old textbooks, prep material from other people. But what if I don’t have any good notes or materials to begin with? Not only this, textbooks and class notes aren't the best way to prep for the tests since they're so different. What if I’m not good at teaching material to myself? My best bet would be to find a tutor who has a good reputation for teaching SAT Math, and get focused instruction on improving my knowledge of probability. IFyou don't know what the best resources available to target your weaknesses are, THEN you would definitely benefit from time with the right tutor. 4. Effective Way To Learn From Your Mistakes One of the mistakes many people have when they study for the SAT/ACT is failing to thoroughly review the questions they miss. A thorough review involves more than a halfhearted â€Å"Oh, I see. I got this wrong because I was careless.† In order for going over your errors to actually help you, you need to dig deep into why exactly you missed the question. Where were you careless? Did you make the mistake because you were rushing? If so, why were you low on time? What are concrete ways you can avoid making this mistake in the future? If you’re thinking that you’d love to read an entire article about the best way to review your mistakes, then you are in luck. IF you have trouble going over your mistakes and figuring out what in particular you did wrong (and concrete ways to avoid it in the future), THEN hiring a high quality tutor will be helpful. Bourgai Sadia by sebastien Delcoigne, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Cropped from original. Don’t speed past your mistakes. 5. Ability To Measure Progress In order to successfully prepare for the SAT/ACT, you need a way to measure your progress as you study, and be able to adapt your study plan accordingly. This is the area I have the most trouble in – it’s tempting to keep doing the same things over and over, but after a certain point those things may no longer be helping you boost your score. So how do you measure progress? When beginning your test prep, you should take a timed, full-length practice test and score it; alternatively, if you've already taken the test once recently, you can use that as your starting point. As you proceed through your test prep, continue to take timed practice tests at regular intervals, spaced according to how much time you have to study. For instance, if you're preparing for the SAT over the course of two months, start out by taking a practice test at the end of each week of prep for the first month. Why is taking timed practice tests so important to your test prep? It's the only way, short of taking the actual SAT or ACT, to see how you're doing under realistic conditions. If you don’t know if you’re doing better than before on the test, it's impossible to know if your studying is effective...or if you're just wasting your time. By periodically checking your score on practice tests, you'll be able to see if you are improving, and if you need to be improving more quickly to meet your goals (or if you're doing just fine). Let's extend the example of a student who takes four practice tests in the first month of her studying. He started out with an ACT composite score of 24, and his goal is to improve to a 30; however, after a month of studying a couple of hours a week, his practice test composite is holding steady at 26. If this student wants to meet his goal, he's going to need to adapt his studying method. In this case, a tutor would be helpful because she would be able to identify the ways in which the student should adapt his studying method to reach his target score, whether this is by increasing the amount of time he studies or changing the specifics of how he reviews questions he's messed up on. IF you’re not really sure how to measure your progress, or how you can adapt your test prep as you improve, THEN you might find a tutor helpful. No Sweat, I’ve Got This Without A Tutor If you are confident that you take care of the following on your own: Motivation and Accountability: You have a reason or multiple reasons to study that are actually important to you. Strong Study Plan: You know your target score and the amount of time you have to study and are able to use that to plan out your test prep in a schedule that you can stick to. Good Resources: You have the right material to study, or you have the ability to aquire it. Effective Ways to Learn From Your Mistakes: You are expert at picking apart your mistakes, seeing exactly where you went wrong, and finding solutions to avoid these mistakes in the future. Ability to Measure Progress: You know what your starting point is and that you need to take timed practice tests along the way as yardsticks against which to asses your progress. ...then absolutely go for it - you don't need a tutor to do well, or even get a perfect score, on the SAT or ACT. As I can personally attest, working smart and working hard will get you most places when it comes to test prep. Storytime: When I was a senior in college, I was under the impression that I might want to go to grad school for psychology, and so I knew I had to take the GRE Psychology Subject Test. I didn't have the funds or time for a tutor, and there wasn't really a test prep course out there that I knew of. Instead, I studied with a friend for about an hour a day, every day, for the six weeks leading up to the test. We both scored exceptionally well, and my friend is in the process of earning her doctorate in psychology. So I don't want to suggest that you MUST have a tutor to do well on the SAT/ACT. But if you feel like you need help on one of the above key components, you should consider it. Uh Oh†¦I’m Not So Sure I Can Do This On My Own If you’re worried about even one of those 5 areas, however, you might want to consider getting yourself some assistance to maximize your score. The more areas you struggle with, the more a high quality tutor will help. On the other hand, if you’re not entirely sure that you want to go with a tutor, a test prep program, like PrepScholar’s automated drilling platform, is a good compromise. You get motivation, a pesonalized study plan that focuses on your weaknesses, materials, and a way to measure progress, but pay less and miss out on the one-on-one attention. What’s Next? Wait, what is it that tutors actually do during SAT/ACT tutoring, anyway? I’ve got the answer for you! Sounds good so far, but should I be doing online tutoring? Find out here. How do you find the right tutor for you? Reading this article is a good start (although since I wrote it, I might be a little bit biased). Want to get serious about improving your SAT/ACT score? Our tutoring service is designed to be the most effective in the nation. We hire the best tutors from across the country. This is then paired with our exclusiveonline drillingprogramthat gives your tutor complete insight into your progress to design the most effective sessions. Think about what improving 160 points on your SAT, or 4 points on your ACT, can do for you. Learn more about tutoring now:

Free Essays on Discipline Problems

â€Å"How to Create Discipline Problems† As an educator, one would ideally be able to focus on giving students the tools to access knowledge. However, educators deal with children, who grow up under the care of their teachers. So, besides subject matter, teachers are charged with the duty of teaching children behaviors. And sometimes, instead of encouraging proper behavior, educators sometimes mistakenly encourage discipline problems with ineffective punishments or behaviors of their own. In Wasickso and Ross’s article, common mistakes of educators in discipline are given, as long as many effective solutions. The article is opened with a list of ways to effectively encourage discipline problems. (For the teacher who feels they don’t have enough on their plate already.) But what follows is truly a helpful guide to classroom management. My reaction will focus on three particular pieces of advice: â€Å"Expect the best from kids,† â€Å"Know each student well,† and â€Å"Treat students with love and respect.† If an educator expects little out of their students, the children will perform just at that expectation. It is a human flaw to work just as much as needed, and do what is needed for the bare minimum. Teachers have a responsibility to show children that the bare minimum, while it may be enough, is not the best. If they put forth the extra effort, they ought to receive a reward, be it extra-credit, extra recess, or special privileges. This thought goes hand in hand with discipline. If a teacher expects her children to misbehave, they will sense this expectation and perform accordingly. However, if a teacher expects a high behavioral pattern, and expresses this adequately, and also provides rewards for meeting this expectation, children will live up to this expectation, or at least put forth an effort to do so. And how does an educator set their expectations for classroom behavior without knowing their students? I... Free Essays on Discipline Problems Free Essays on Discipline Problems â€Å"How to Create Discipline Problems† As an educator, one would ideally be able to focus on giving students the tools to access knowledge. However, educators deal with children, who grow up under the care of their teachers. So, besides subject matter, teachers are charged with the duty of teaching children behaviors. And sometimes, instead of encouraging proper behavior, educators sometimes mistakenly encourage discipline problems with ineffective punishments or behaviors of their own. In Wasickso and Ross’s article, common mistakes of educators in discipline are given, as long as many effective solutions. The article is opened with a list of ways to effectively encourage discipline problems. (For the teacher who feels they don’t have enough on their plate already.) But what follows is truly a helpful guide to classroom management. My reaction will focus on three particular pieces of advice: â€Å"Expect the best from kids,† â€Å"Know each student well,† and â€Å"Treat students with love and respect.† If an educator expects little out of their students, the children will perform just at that expectation. It is a human flaw to work just as much as needed, and do what is needed for the bare minimum. Teachers have a responsibility to show children that the bare minimum, while it may be enough, is not the best. If they put forth the extra effort, they ought to receive a reward, be it extra-credit, extra recess, or special privileges. This thought goes hand in hand with discipline. If a teacher expects her children to misbehave, they will sense this expectation and perform accordingly. However, if a teacher expects a high behavioral pattern, and expresses this adequately, and also provides rewards for meeting this expectation, children will live up to this expectation, or at least put forth an effort to do so. And how does an educator set their expectations for classroom behavior without knowing their students? I...

Critically review the opportunities and limitations of policy Coursework

Critically review the opportunities and limitations of policy transfer, with examples - Coursework Example However, beginning the mid-2000s, we find that several geographers have as well played a critical role in these discussions; usually they use the word political motilities in place of the term policy transfer (Araral, Fritzen and Howlett, 2012). However, the most important review of the literature on the policy transfer that was carried out in the year 1996, examined several questions including the definition of policy transfer; who transfers policy; the reason for transfer of policy; what is transferred; whether there is existence of policy transfer; and the factors that limit the transfer of policy. Nonetheless, to different levels or degrees, the literature on the policy transfer has from then examined several such questions substantially. For instance, when reviewing the question of ‘who,’ the things that are cited include the role and responsibilities of officials who are elected, civil servants, political parties, policy professionals, and pressure groups (Knill and Tosun, 2012). Policymaking is always about the planning of lessons among and between those that carry it out, policy governance, institutions, together with governance units, at all the governance levels. Consequently, a central or key feature of the policy-making encompasses taking lessons from the errors that may have been committed in the past so that they cannot be repeated again; from the possible analysis or review of what the future carries; and usually from what are being done by others or even what others have done. This paper is going to critically review the opportunities and limitations of policy transfer. The, opportunities and limitations are discussed, and then a conclusion, which will be a summative review of the ideas discusses in the paper. In general, there are opportunities that are presented or exist in the transfer policy that vary from one feature or context to another. In the discussion of the policies and

Annalyzing Alice Walker The Color Purple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Annalyzing Alice Walker The Color Purple - Essay Example She tells Him that she is only 14 and is already burdened with responsibilities of her siblings and the household, sexually abused by her father and pregnant twice. Innocent Celie is confused as to why these things are happening to her and asks God the reason, saying that she has â€Å"always been a good girl†. (Walker, 1) The letters written by Celie to God and later to Nettie, her sister, symbolizes her voice. Her initial letters to God were symbolic to her emotions that were very private, and therefore not for everyone’s eyes. It also shows her isolation as she has no one else to talk to. The only love she has in her life is that of her sister Nettie. They both share an unusual bond of very deep love. The story takes a turn for worse when Celie is married off to a much older man, who is a widower with children and has no respect for Celie. He treats her like a slave and uses her like a sex object, while continuing his affair with Shug Avery. Shug was first introduced to Celie through a photograph which is symbolic to her belonging to a very different world, a place where beauty exists and not like Celie’s world which is devoid of beauty. Celie, after marriage has a life much the same as before marriage. Nettie, on the other hand, in order to escape her father leaves home and comes to stay with Celie but later she escapes this place as well in order to escape the advances of Mr.__ (Celie’s husband). The separation of the two sisters further adds to the misery of Celie. Carrie and Kate, sisters of Mr.__ had good relations with Celie. Kate was the one who had made Celie believe that she deserved â€Å"more than this†. (Walker, 21) The climax of this book is the growing affection between the protagonist and her husband’s love interest, Shug Avery. Their mutual affection and closeness (even sexual relationships) helps these two women to overcome their personal problems. Shug is the one who brings Celie to the joys of sexual communion and it is from