Political Islam And The Middle East - 1330 Words

Political Islam is an interesting phenomenon that impacts law, policy, and international relations with the Middle East. In order to understand what Political Islam is one must first understand, as much as possible when starting from a Western Christian worldview, what Islam is. In addition to simply describing Islam a comparison to another similar or related religion, such as Christianity, is helpful. Once an understanding of Islam is established one can begin to see how it touches on every facet of Muslim life including law and policy, which affects those living within that system and the relationships it forms when engaged internationally. Islam was founded by an Arab man named Mohammed, a citizen of Medina, in the early 7th century A.D. and is considered by Muslims to be a prophet. It is said that while meditating in cave outside of Medina the angel Gabriel appeared to Mohammed and began to give him the first of over 6,000 versus of what would eventually become the Qur’an, Islam’s equivalent of the Bible. Islam is considered an Abrahamic religion because Arabs are, according to the Bible, descended from Abraham’s son Ishmael, while Jews are descended from his son Isaac. Christianity was in turn founded by Jesus Christ who was Jewish, but in creating a new covenant between God and men freed adherents from the strict and complex Jewish prescriptions. While Christianity and Islam can trace their roots back to Abraham and are similar in that they both give guidance toShow MoreRelatedSocial, Cultural And Political Features Of The Middle East1140 Words   |  5 Pages Cultural and Political Features of the Middle East The term Middle East is used to refer to the region between Afghanistan and the Atlantic Ocean on the east and west respectively. 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Justice Scalia Often Uses The Texualist Approach When Arguing

Justice Scalia often uses the texualist approach when arguing for the text of the Constitution, but sometimes, as Scalia would argue, the text isn’t straightforward. In R.A.V v. City of St. Paul, Scalia authored the opinion of the Court, in which he argues that free speech is protected under the Constitution, unless it falls under a very narrow set of exceptions. According to Scalia, some content can â€Å"be regulated because of their constitutionally proscribable contents (obscenity, defamation, etc.).† Scalia’s argument is that there are certain exceptions in the text of the Constitution that allow for regulation of certain speech. He also grants that the â€Å"prohibition against content discrimination that we assert the First Amendment†¦show more content†¦While Scalia presents a strong argument for textualism in these cases, nowhere does he focus more on the actual text of the Constitution then in District of Columbia v. Heller. In this case, Justice Scalia held for the majority of the Court that the District of Columbia law restricting gun ownership was in violation of the Constitution. In his opinion, Scalia looks very closely at the operative clause of the Second Amendment: â€Å"Right of the People.† In his examination of the phrase, Scalia looks at how it is used in other parts of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights where it refers â€Å"to individual rights, not â€Å"collective rights, or rights that may be exercised only through participation in some corporate body.† Scalia argues that the right to bear arms is a right enjoyed by individuals, not just groups. In his tedio us examination of the text, Scalia also looks at the phrase â€Å"Keep and bear Arms,† which Scalia says has not changed in meaning from the 18th century definition of arms. More specifically, Scalia looks at the meaning of the term in the 18th century, where it had â€Å"a meaning that refers to carrying for a particular purpose – confrontation.† In combination with a study of history, Scalia understands that the Second Amendment conferred â€Å"the individual right to possess and carry weapons in the case of confrontation,† but did not make the right infinite. Therefore, certain reasonable

A Survey of Biometric Fusion Free Essays

A SURVEY OF BIOMETRIC FUSION The Article â€Å"A SURVEY OF BIOMETRIC FUSION† is Taken from Journal IJ-ETA-ETS ( International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Applications in Engineering, Technology and Sciences ) which is written by Ratnasukamal Mohurle ( Prof. , Dept. of Electronics A ; Telecom. We will write a custom essay sample on A Survey of Biometric Fusion or any similar topic only for you Order Now , Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, India ) and Milind Rane ( Student, Master Degree Program in Signal Processing at Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, India ) . Biometric systems are agencies by which the physical ( or sometimes behavior ) characteristics are used to place a individual or verify the individuality of an machine-controlled individual. It is based on fingerprints, flags, facial images, manus geometry, and talker acknowledgment, among others. The successful executing of biometric systems requires turn toing a figure of issues, including truth, efficiency, hardiness, pertinence, and catholicity. To better the public presentation of biometric system we use of multiple types of biometric informations or method of processing. Fusion methods are used in such diverse Fieldss as Internet hunt engines, analysis of satellite imagination, and analysis of medical trial consequences. Fusion, it is based on uniting informations at assorted degrees. The chief intent of Fusion has been used successfully for old ages in designation systems automated fingerprint graduated table ( AFIS ) , which combine informations from multiple fingers and multiple processing methods ; so. Now a twenty-four hours, assorted signifiers of merger are used in a figure of different types of biometric systems. It can be used to turn to a figure of issues faced by the interior decorators, implementers, and operators of biometric systems as FirstAccuracyin this Fusion can be used really efficaciously to better the overall truth. The truth of biometric system is normally expressed in footings of maximising the True Accept Rate1 ( TAR ) and minimizes the False Acceptance Rate ( FAR ) . SecondEfficiencyin this Fusion can be used to increase efficiency, or to let tradeoffs between efficiency and truth. ThirdRobustnessit refers to the ability of a system to go on to work every bit accurately as p ossible despite the jobs. FourthlyApplicabilityit refers to the suitableness of a system for a undertaking, the demand to work with bequest informations frequently dictates biometric modes that can be used. it can be used in concurrence with multiple bing information beginnings. And in conclusionUniversalityit can be used, for grounds such as amputations, hurts or unwellness. Multimodal systems and multiple cases can offer options so that all people can utilize a system. A sample is converted in characteristic extractor package into a templet ( machine representation, characteristic set ) . The agencies by which informations can be fused are known as thedegreesof merger, which correspond to the phases of treating first phase isDetectoraˆ?degree mergerit involves consolidating the grounds presented by multiple beginnings of natural informations before they are subjected to have extraction. it can profit systems that gaining control multiple snapshots of the same multi-biometric sample.second phase isFutureaˆ?degreemergerit converts samples ( images ) into simplified computing machine representations known as templets or characteristic sets. Third phase isMarkaˆ?degreemergerit refers to methods in which multiple samples, cases, or modes are compared, and the resulting similarity tonss ( or chances ) are combined to organize a individual fused mark. Fourth and last phase isDecisionaˆ?degreemergerit is used in the same instances as scorea ˆ?level merger, but the tonss are turned into match/nonaˆ?match determinations before merger. Now discoursing about the restriction of biometric merger, of class, merger comes at a monetary value. Roll uping extra informations takes clip, adds complexness and cost to the aggregation procedure. Collection of an increased sum of biometric information is likely to increase public concerns about privateness issues and meddlesomeness. Finally I can reason that Biometric merger is defined loosely as the usage of multiple types of biometric informations or processing methods for bettering the public presentation of biometric systems. Fusion works by uniting information from multiple beginnings. This is done to better the truth, efficiency, and hardiness of biometric systems. These documents gives an debut to biometric merger, and intentionally address the assorted ways that merger can be used, the complexnesss of operational utilizations of merger, proficient accounts of the assorted methods of implementing merger, and include extended empirical consequences. Journal Article ( 2 ) : – Comparative Analysis of IEEE 802.11 DCF The Article â€Å"Comparative Analysis of IEEE 802.11 DCF† is Taken from Journal GGGI Journal of Engineering A ; Technology which is written by Er. Saurabh Mittal and Er. Ankita Mittal. Now a twenty-four hours, wireless local country webs ( WLANs ) have played a of import function in the information communications A ; networking countries, holding witnessed a important development. In the 802.11 protocol specification, specifies two basic mechanisms of entree, i.e. distributed coordination map ( DCF ) and Point coordination map ( PCF ) . DCF is the most widely used mechanism is a random entree strategy, based on the way of running multiple entrees with hit turning away CSMA / CA protocol. Retransmission of collided packages is managed through binary exponential back off regulations. DCF describes two techniques to be used for package transmittal i.e. indispensable entree mechanism and petition to direct ( RTS ) / ( CTS ) mechanism-clear-to-send. If there is no on-going trans mittal to an internal short ( DEFI ) manner can convey its package. If the medium is busy, a manner has to wait until the terminal of the current transmittal. The back hold is chosen to be a random figure of slots between the channel 0 and the window size contrary ( CW ) . In this paper, we focus on the development of system public presentation DCF, presuming ideal channel conditions and finite burden conditions. In the literature, the output of 802.11 development was carried out by agencies of simulation or by agencies of analytical theoretical accounts with the premises of simplified regulations transporting hold. Now I am discoursing about patterning for IEEE 802.11 DCF, Markov theoretical accounts in distinct clip have been summarized by 802.11 DCF standardized protocols. This theoretical account is so used to deduce the end product channel which is defined as the fraction of clip the channel that is used for existent informations transmittal. In this paper, we focus on the â€Å" public presentation impregnation † , define as the bound range by the being throughput by increasing the offered burden. The fake bing burden has been created harmonizing to a Poisson arrival procedure of fixed size packages ( equal to 8184 spots ) , where the reac hing rate was varied throughout the simulation to fit burden offered ideal. The chief function of this attempt is the analytical appraisal of transmittal channel, presuming ideal channel conditions and finite burden conditions. During the analysis, a fixed figure of Stationss and obtained the stationary chance that the station transmits a package in a generic clip slot is assumed. We express the public presentation of basic methods and RTS / CTS entree based on the deliberate value. In IEEE 802.11 DCF, there are two options for medium entree, viz. 1 ) the basic entree strategy and 2 ) the request-to send attention of the line uping behavior based on the M/G/1/K theoretical account, and 2 ) the â€Å"service subsystem† that characterizes the service clip distribution. Finally from above given article we have understood an analytical theoretical account to analyze the public presentation of IEEE 802.11 DCF in footings of impregnation conditions and finite burden. The chief part of our survey is that we consider the impact of different realistic factors together, including binary exponential back off, assorted incoming traffic tonss, line uping system at the MAC bed, and imperfect radio channels, which has ne’er been addressed in a comprehensive mode before. In the analysis, we derive some public presentation prosodies common web, such as package transmittal chance, the chance of hit and channel public presentation. We should detect that the maximal accomplishable capacity is the same burden conditions as for finite impregnation status after which goes into impregnation. Besides with increasing arrival rate of packages from nodes postulating public presentation remains the same. Extensive analysis and simulation consequences show that our ana lytical theoretical account can accurately foretell the hold and throughput of IEEE 802.11 DCF under different channels and traffic conditions. Journal Article ( 3 ) : – The importance and development of nucleus route web The Article â€Å"The importance and development of nucleus route network† is Taken from Journal GGGI Journal of Engineering A ; Technology which is written by Praveen Aggarwal and Saurav Jaglan. Road conveyance is the lone manner that can give the best service to each and every one. This manner besides has maximal flexibleness to go with mention to the path, way, clip and velocity through any agencies of route vehicle. Door to door service is possible merely on the route. The other manner to state, Air, H2O and rail has to trust on route conveyance service to and from their several terminuss. Therefore, it is necessary The route web non merely to function as a eating system for other manners of conveyance and to finish them, but besides to supply independent travel route by a well planned route web f. It has been shown that a paved surface in moderately good status can lend to salvaging of 15 to 40 per centum in vehicle. The route web of 3.34 million kilometres of India is the 2nd largest in the universe and consists of different classs of roads. Now on the nucleus web is the web of all rural roads that are necessary to supply basic entree to all shops. Identified out of the entire route web and bing roads, and this must be kept in good status at all times. The ground of taking nucleus web is because it helps in optimising the demands, upgrading and care of roads at lesser cost, integrated route web facilitates, provide an inducement to husbandmans to bring forth more marketable excess and besides helps in societal development of rural countries as schools, infirmaries A ; authorities services. There are four major stairss involved in set uping the nucleus web ; first readying of block maps as per the territory rural route be aftering manual, 2nd is placing the market centres, third is totaling the roads and tabular matter of informations, 4th or concluding is placing the nucleus web. To making thes e type of undertaking there are some utile tools used the first 1 is MapInfo it enables to execute complex geographic analysis such as redistricting, accessing informations, dragging and dropping map objects, making thematic maps and much more. Second one tool is Microsoft Excel it is a portion of MS Office used for the readying of stock list, and last A ; really of import Turbo C it is a simple codification used in picturing the footing of our undertaking. Finally we can state that India has a web of rural roads of about 2.70 million kilometers which constitutes over 80 % of the entire route web. Centrally funded â€Å" Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna † ( PMGSY ) was launched in December 2000, with the end of supplying all-weather route connectivity more than 45 % of families are still non connected by route all the clip. To accomplish the nonsubjective the nucleus web construct is introduced. The nucleus web is composed of bing roads and main roads which are non connected lodging constructed. Primary web is non all bing roads since the end is to set up â€Å" basic entree â€Å" , i.e. , one all-weather route connectivity to each flat. In the present survey attempts have been made to develop the route web nucleus or to place the roads that constitute the chief route web. a rapid method of placing roads in the computing machine nucleus web was developed. Mentions: – Degree 0Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology 2014 How to cite A Survey of Biometric Fusion, Essay examples

Corporation Law Australian Investors Forum Pty Ltd †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Corporation Law Australian Investors Forum Pty Ltd. Answer: Introduction: Corporation Act, 2001, regulates some laws regarding business entity and prescribes duties for the directors of an Australian company (Tills and Wills 2016). The director of a company plays a very important role in case of the companys management and its constitution. Directors are responsible for a companys daily business and owe duties to every shareholders of a company (Burba 2017). Corporations Act deals with statutory requirement of a registered firm, and set out rules regarding the conduct of a companys director and officers. However, there are certain situations where it has been noticed that the Directors are held liable for breach of duties imposed on them. A few cases show the discrepancies on behalf of the directors in their dealing with the company. In Australian Securities and Investment Commission vs. Australian Investors Forum Pty Ltd, the Court has observed that the director of a financial company has failed to show due diligence and care to its share holders, which r esulted in cataclysmic consequence for the company and the effect was detrimental in nature. The Supreme Court of New South Wales suspended the directors of the company, Dennis Ralph Anthony and Lloyd-cocks for a period of 25 years and imposed fine upon them. Discussion: Case summary: Australian Investors Forum Pty Ltd was a company dealing with tradable financial assets, had its office at Sydney (Gitman, Joehnk, Smart and Juchau 2015). Dennis Ralph Anthony and Martin Lloyd Cock were the directors of the company (Asic.gov.au, 2017). On 2005, Australian Securities Investigation Commission had alleged that both the directors, Mr. Anthony and Martin Lloyd-cock breached a numbers of provisions of Corporations Act, 2001. New South Wales Supreme Court held both of them guilty and passed decree against them by suspending them for a period of 25 years and imposed a fine up to $3.6 million. Issue: According to the case law, the issue arose that whether the directors, Mr. Anthony and Mr. Martin Lloyd-Cock had breached the provision of Corporation Act or not. Relevant rules: Corporation Act, 2001 was encoded with an object to regulate the conduct of the directors of a company, and regulates law regarding business (Ciro and Symes 2013). The case of ASIC vs. Australian securities Forum Pty Ltd., is based on the relevant sections such as Ss. 180, 181, 182, 206E(1), 208(1), 209(2), 727(1), 1317E, And 1317H of the Corporation Act, 2001 (chen and Everett 2014). According to the provision of section 180(1) of the Corporation Act, a director of a company should exercise their duties with due care and diligence. Section 181(1) of the same Act stated that a director of a company must exercise those duties for the interest of the corporation as well as for the appropriate purpose. It is not desirable that the directors shall misuse their position for an intention to gain advantage or to cause effect on the corporation. If it is seen that any director had breached these provisions, he shall be liable under these sections. Australian Securities investment Commissions is a body of Australian government that established with a view to regulate laws relating to financial services with an object to protect the consumers (Bird Giligan and Ramsay 2016). If any director infringed any provision of Corporation Act, ASIC can sue him for that before the competent authority. As per section 206E(1) of Corporation Act, 2001 the court can disqualify a person or restrain him from his post after an allegation made by the ASIC if the person contravened the provision of the Act (Hedges et al. 2017). In case of a public company whose shares are traded freely, should acquire approval from its members. If the company fails to do so, the court may pass an order of injunction to prohibit the benefits offered by that company. According to section 727 of Corporation Act, 2001 provides that a person can make an offer only after the disclosure of certain documents to the Australian Securities Investors Commission (Baird 2014). These documents include prospectus, profile statement, and an information statement. Section 1317E and section 1317H of the Act provide the penalty provision in case of contravention of any specified provisions of the Act including the provision regarding breach of officers duties. The penalties stated under the provision of section 1317E are civil in nature. Section 1317H of the Act has confined certain compensation sectors in case of damage faced by corporation. The ratio of compensation should be decided based on damage suffered by company. In ASIC vs. Adler, Adler was the owner of a company named Pacific Eagle Equity Pty Ltd, who got a loan from one general insurance company (du Plessis, J.J. and de Koker, J.N. eds., 2017). Adler was also a trustee of Australian Equities Unit Trust. Pacific Eagle Equity Pty Ltd sold its shares at $2 million loss without the approval taken by the shareholders. Even, the company did not disclose any documents to the investment committee. The loan was also approved without any legal documents. The Court held that, Adler had failed to show due care while performing his duties and the Court had banned Adler from the post of director for a period of 20 years and imposed penalties upon them. Application: It was alleged against Australian Investors Forum that they had offered securities to their members without disclosing any documents before the ASIC. Another allegation was that the directors of a company had infringed their duties due course of performance. Australian Investors Forum ran an investment club since 1998 and used to offer its members placement in companies. Between May 1999 and October 2001, the forum received an amount of $3.2 million as membership fees and subscription fees (Asic.gov.au, 2017). They used the shares as initial public offerings. That lump sum amount was paid to the companies that are owned by the duo directors themselves along with another director, Mr. Dominic Luvara. On 2002, the forum was wound up by the order of court and subsequently others companies that were related to Mr. Anthony, Mr. Lloyd-Cock and Mr. Luvara were also wound up. Australian Securities Investors Commissions was raise their voice against it and filed a case before the Supreme Cou rt, New South Wales in the year 2005. In the course of the cases hearing, the Supreme Court observed that both the directors had failed to perform their duties with due care and negligence (Ozkan, Poletti-Hughes and Trzeciakiewicz 2017). Court has observed that the directors took away all the money that are gained by the forum in between the year of 1999 and 2001, it is a proof that they had done their job with an ulterior intention and they failed to show good faith regarding it and they had used their position improperly. During the investigation, it was found that Mr. Anthony had engaged himself in the management of the forum illegally. He was a bankrupt and thus, prohibited from the company affairs. Further it was revealed that Mr. Lloyd-Cock had contravened the provisions of Corporations Act 2001 knowingly and abstain themselves not to disclose any documents relating to the forum, which was a public company. One Sage Global Fund Limited, where Mr. Anthony holds the post of director, had failed to acquire assent from its shareholders about the payment (Sagecap.in, 2017). Australian Investors Forum had also contravened a part of the Act by misuse its dealers license with an intention to hold clients money on the trusts. All these contraventions were within the knowledge of both the directors, Mr. Dennis Ralph Anthony and Martin Lloyd-Cock. It was observed by the Supreme Court that a company expects directors who acts honestly with a good faith and should be careful over the issues regarding the public policies. He should not present himself as a threat towards the public who are investing. In this case, it was quoted by the court that the duo directors had failed to represent themselves honestly and breached the provisions of Corporations Act. ASCI submitted that a director, who had failed to ensure any strict liability, is liable under section 180(1) of the Act. The profit earned by the forum during the year 1999 and 2001 had been invested to the companies where the directors had interest proved that the directors had failed to exercise their duties for the interest of the corporation and for the benefit of the forum and become liable under section 181(1) of Corporation Act 2001. It is also proved that the directors had misuse their post and tried to gain illegal advantage. The Supreme Court had imposed section 206E upon the directors, holds them liable, and suspended them for a period of 25 years from their respective post by the request of Australian securities and Investment Commissions. It is held that as the forum had failed to show necessary documents to the ASIC, and both the directors know that, are liable within the scope of Corporation Act and are guilty within the provision of section 727 of the Act, 2001. Conclusion: Therefore, from above discussion, it can be concluded that the Australian Investors Forum, being a public company had failed to abide by all the norms of Corporation Act and the Directors of the company were also unable to perform their duties with due care and with good faith. The observation of the court regarding the duo directors was right. After a prolonged examinations and perused all the related documents regarding the case, Supreme Court of new South Wales came into the decision that Mr. Anthony and Mr. Lloyd- Cock are guilty and penalize them by suspending them for a period of 25 years under section 1317E of the Act. The Court had also imposed a penalty of $3.6 million under section 1317H of the Corporation Act 2001 (Hedges 2016). References: Australian securities Investigating Commissions vs. Australian Investors Forum Pty Ltd and Ors (No 3) [2005] NSWSC 1198 (30 November 2005) Tills, M. and Wills, C., 2016. Corporate law: Directors found guilty of breaching duties following corporation's breaches.Governance Directions,68(10), p.624 Burba, T.M., 2017. To" B" or not to" B": Duties of Directors and Rights of Stakeholders in Benefit Corporations.Vand. L. Rev. En Banc,70, pp.87-147 Gitman, L.J., Joehnk, M.D., Smart, S. and Juchau, R.H., 2015.Fundamentals of investing. Pearson Higher Education AU Asic.gov.au. (2017). 05-375 Sydney directors banned for 25 years and ordered to pay $3.6m compensation | ASIC - Australian Securities and Investments Commission. [online] Available at: https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/media-centre/find-a-media-release/2005-releases/05-375-sydney-directors-banned-for-25-years-and-ordered-to-pay-36m-compensation [Accessed 31 May 2017]. Ciro, T. and Symes, C., 2013.Corporations law: in principle. Thomson Reuters. Chen, S.L. and Everett, S., 2014. The dynamics of port reform: different contexts, similar strategies.Maritime Policy Management,41(3), pp.288-301. Bird, H.L., Gilligan, G. and Ramsay, I., 2016. The who, why and what of enforceable undertakings accepted by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Hedges, J., Bird, H.L., Gilligan, G., Godwin, A. and Ramsay, I., 2017. The Policy and Practice of Enforcement of Directors' Duties by Statutory Agencies in Australia: An Empirical Analysis. Baird, D., 2014.Elements of Bankruptcy, 6th (Concepts and Insights Series). West Academic. .du Plessis, J.J. and de Koker, J.N. eds., 2017.Disqualification of Company Directors: A Comparative Analysis of the Law in the UK, Australia, South Africa, the US and Germany. Routledge.). Knepper, W.E., Bailey, D.A., Bowman, K.B., Eblin, R.L. and Lane, R.S., 2016.Duty of Loyalty(Vol. 1). Liability of Corporate Officers and Directors. Ozkan, A., Poletti-Hughes, J. and Trzeciakiewicz, A., 2017. Directors share dealings and corporate insolvencies: evidence from the UK.The European Journal of Finance,23(5), pp.427-455. Sagecap.in. (2017). Sage Capital. [online] Available at: https://www.sagecap.in/ [Accessed 31 May 2017]. Hedges, J. and Ramsay, I., 2016. Has the Introduction of Civil Penalties Increased the Speed and Success Rate of Directors Duties Cases.